{"id":1002,"date":"2023-02-03T08:28:23","date_gmt":"2023-02-03T08:28:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/72.arrowhitech.net\/tn3\/aciarsdip\/?page_id=1002"},"modified":"2023-03-01T02:25:41","modified_gmt":"2023-03-01T02:25:41","slug":"themes-draft-1-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/themes-draft-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable groundwater development"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1002\" class=\"elementor elementor-1002\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dfa580c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dfa580c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f5b4b4b\" data-id=\"7f5b4b4b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-673f9c00 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"673f9c00\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-503b1679\" data-id=\"503b1679\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b64a124\" data-id=\"6b64a124\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d51611f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d51611f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.10.2 - 29-01-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sustainable Groundwater Development<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-289a6177\" data-id=\"289a6177\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6270934e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6270934e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6af92cd4\" data-id=\"6af92cd4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c165181\" data-id=\"5c165181\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f95eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17f95eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.10.2 - 29-01-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h3>Overview<\/h3><p class=\"\">The program has generated new knowledge to support sustainable groundwater development in the EGP, using a food-energy-water (FEW) nexus lens. Individual projects have looked at patterns of availability and access to groundwater, local level water management solutions (i.e. CASI, managed aquifer recharge), and the impacts of commonly used policies that aim to influence groundwater development and sustainability.<\/p><p class=\"\">Results indicate that FEW links are not always as expected. For example, increased access to electricity has not resulted in a strong change in groundwater use or productivity in West Bengal; and water savings at the farm scale do not always result in reduced groundwater use overall. In the EGP, impacts of climate change will result in delayed monsoons and increased incidence of flooding, which makes summer crops more vulnerable to water stress (both too much and too little). Groundwater resources, which in many places are annually recharged &#8211; as at least four ACIAR SDIP studies have confirmed &#8211; are more resilient to climate change and offer assured irrigation in the dry winter months.<\/p><p class=\"\">Several key messages have emerged around supporting sustainable groundwater development.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b070d35\" data-id=\"b070d35\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ab06134 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6ab06134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.10.2 - 29-01-2023 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c1651e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"48c1651e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.10.2 - 29-01-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pump-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1039\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pump-1.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pump-1-300x200.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ffaf5a8\" data-id=\"3ffaf5a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb7614c elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5fb7614c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-274c9e67 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"274c9e67\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dc1a4e3\" data-id=\"7dc1a4e3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-44ea4c13\" data-id=\"44ea4c13\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62927900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62927900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-family: 'Fjalla One'; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-top: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The importance of understanding the links between local and regional hydrology<\/h3><p class=\"\">Groundwater resources are in general underexploited in the EGP, meaning there is room for further development in many locations. However, there is variation in district level groundwater use &#8211; even though at a state\/regional level the system is in balance. Some locations have seasonal (pre monsoon) decline in groundwater levels, which is important to monitor because we need to know whether this seasonal decline is compensated by recharge in the wet season.<\/p><p class=\"\">To cater for this variability at district levels, we need a suite of management options and policies that can be applied.<\/p><p class=\"\">The bottom line is that hydrology matters. While it is true that in many locations groundwater is abundant and extractions can increase, it does not take long for this to change, and coordinated monitoring efforts are required.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5dcc2381\" data-id=\"5dcc2381\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d7e621 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"67d7e621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-14d0c7aa elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14d0c7aa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-46829d38\" data-id=\"46829d38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-662f75b\" data-id=\"662f75b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d9199b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37d9199b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-family: 'Fjalla One'; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-top: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Identifying reasons for groundwater decline<\/h3><p class=\"\">There is a misconception that when groundwater is used for irrigation, that everything pumped from the system is lost. This is not true in places where groundwater is of good quality, as is the case in the EGP \u2013 water that is not used by plants contributes to recharge and is used by others .<\/p><p class=\"\">The true loss from the system is actual evapotranspiration (ETa = water taken up by plants + evaporation). Reducing farm level water use does not reduce ETa and hence water use overall. To really save water, you need to reduce ETa by changing cropping patterns or reducing crop duration.<\/p><p class=\"\">Groundwater decline is a concern in the northwest of Bangladesh, and there are policies that encourage farm level water savings to halt this pattern. However, there are multiple causes of groundwater decline, both on and off-farm &#8211; including changes in climate, river flows and land use change. We need to know what causes groundwater decline in specific locations, because if groundwater decline is driven by off-farm factors, on-farm solutions will have very limited value.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-28059886\" data-id=\"28059886\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66440f21 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"66440f21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-31b34f7f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"31b34f7f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d21d57\" data-id=\"5d21d57\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-66cbc6ee\" data-id=\"66cbc6ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73206ed7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73206ed7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-family: 'Fjalla One'; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-top: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Improving access to pumps<\/h3><p class=\"\">Informal, private rental markets play a major role in ensuring irrigation access for almost all farmers in the EGP. In a survey conducted by IFPRI in 2015, only 25% of farmers owned pump sets, with 75% renting pumps to access irrigation. Water buyers are often smaller and poorer farmers.<\/p><p class=\"\">There is considerable heterogeneity across water users and one policy won\u2019t work the same for everyone. A subsidy on pump ownership for example, will likely benefit those who traditionally own pumps (men, larger farmers) but does not guarantee any welfare gain for others (e.g. women, tenant farmers).<\/p><p class=\"\">Better targeting of support could produce multiple, integrated benefits. For example, subsidizing access to pumping technologies for those more likely to sell water into groundwater markets is a better option than a universal subsidy if the aim is to lower the cost of water access.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-84a10f4\" data-id=\"84a10f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29d90dd4 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"29d90dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2a99b12e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2a99b12e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-93c9036\" data-id=\"93c9036\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-772da446\" data-id=\"772da446\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c5db09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c5db09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-family: 'Fjalla One'; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-top: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">The changing energy-water nexus<\/h3><p class=\"\">When groundwater is used, energy and irrigation are closely tied together, and energy costs and access can influence the amount of water pumped. The energy &#8211; irrigation nexus is changing in the EGP, with rates of rural electrification increasing rapidly. However, large scale electrification in West Bengal has not led to the majority of farmers greatly increasing the amount of crops they produce (especially boro rice), or changing the kinds of crops they grow. However, at the district level (e.g. in northern West Bengal) there were impacts in locations that previously did not have access to electricity. Because of this, groundwater levels have remained stable.<\/p><p class=\"\">We know that grid electrification is happening rapidly in the EGP. What tariffs and power supply arrangements will improve agricultural development? And if we get that right, what impact will it have on local and regional hydrology? These questions remain key to sustainable groundwater development in the future.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-79683018\" data-id=\"79683018\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11070329 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11070329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7fcd3862 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7fcd3862\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d5296ad\" data-id=\"5d5296ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b50f904\" data-id=\"b50f904\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe35eed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fe35eed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-rendering: optimizelegibility; font-family: 'Fjalla One'; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-top: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Water alone is not enough<\/h3><p class=\"\">Improving access to water alone is not enough to increase development; farmers also need access to inputs, stable output prices and better market infrastructure to improve productivity and profitability.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"\">Agricultural development in the EGP is tied to groundwater. In Bangladesh, agricultural growth that targeted national food security began once groundwater restrictions were removed. In West Bengal, the target of groundwater preservation has resulted in a focus on diversification. This has resulted in lower levels of development in West Bengal in the past decade.<\/p><p class=\"\">Within India, given the serious levels of overexploitation of groundwater in the western IGP, there is the potential for rice production to be shifted to the EGP. This makes sense from a hydrological perspective, but what would it take for that to happen sustainably? There are limits to the traditional ways of promoting groundwater development. Water and energy policies need to be made in collaboration with agriculture and food policy if they will be successful in sustainably increasing food production among farmers.<\/p><p class=\"\">Groundwater access and the constraints around that access are heavily contingent on the other resources available to water users. Addressing development challenges must go beyond \u2018just adding water\u2019.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-79e67ab0\" data-id=\"79e67ab0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f2a99bc elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6f2a99bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cf4b832 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cf4b832\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-110fe18e\" data-id=\"110fe18e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d754b93\" data-id=\"2d754b93\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa12dee elementor-aspect-ratio-169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"1aa12dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=enhY5IRSTNw&quot;,&quot;show_image_overlay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;image_overlay&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/72.arrowhitech.net\\\/tn3\\\/aciarsdip\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/Pump2-1.jpeg&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:1040,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;library&quot;},&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;169&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.10.2 - 29-01-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-fit-aspect-ratio elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pump2-1.jpeg);\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-custom-embed-play\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Play Video\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-play\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Play Video<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-75de0be4\" data-id=\"75de0be4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e9502be elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e9502be\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bf0c65f\" data-id=\"5bf0c65f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f1e046d\" data-id=\"5f1e046d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3131d03b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3131d03b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>At the ACIAR SDIP Final Review, program team members Dr Mainuddin, Dr Aditi Mukherji, Dr Don Gaydon and Professor Somnath Bandyophadyay joined Robyn Johnston for a discussion about sustainable groundwater development in the EGP. Watch a recording of the discussion here.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5aa1744b\" data-id=\"5aa1744b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b856700 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7b856700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e379961 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e379961\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6586a420\" data-id=\"6586a420\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e03f499\" data-id=\"2e03f499\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e2822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e2822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Key Resources<\/h3><ul data-rte-list=\"default\"><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ACIARSDIPIWMIWBFinalReport-1.pdf\" target=\"\">Does increased access to groundwater irrigation through electricity reforms affect agricultural and groundwater outcomes? Evidence from West Bengal, India<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/RegionalhydrologyimpactoffarmscalewatersavingEGPFinalRevised-1.pdf\" target=\"\">The regional hydrological impact of farm-scale water saving measures in the EGP<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/5\/636\" target=\"\">Water-Saving Agricultural Technologies: Regional Hydrology Outcomes and Knowledge Gaps in the EGP \u2014 A Review<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ElectrifyingAgricultureinBihar_postreview_Final.pdf\" target=\"\">The changing energy-irrigation nexus in eastern India<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/EGPandGroundwaterQualityFINAL_PH.pdf\" target=\"\">Groundwater quality in the EGP<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/electrifying-groundwater-irrigation\/\" target=\"\">Film: Electrifying groundwater irrigation<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/regional-impacts-of-on-farm-water-saving\/\" target=\"\">Film: Regional impacts of on-farm water saving<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bb4cc03\" data-id=\"3bb4cc03\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sustainable Groundwater Development Overview The program has generated new knowledge to support sustainable groundwater development in the EGP, using a food-energy-water (FEW) nexus lens. Individual projects have looked at patterns of availability and access to groundwater, local level water management solutions (i.e. CASI, managed aquifer recharge), and the impacts of commonly used policies that aim [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1002"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1002"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4493,"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1002\/revisions\/4493"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/research.aciar.gov.au\/sdip\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}